HIV/AIDS free essay sample

HIV/AIDS is killing more and more South Africans daily and the mere possibility of a fourth line anti-retroviral treatment which has undergone the correct testing and systems should be made known to the public. Due to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 which permits the Minister of Health to supress findings which she deems counter to current state policies by issuing a restraint on Professors Spies and Maseko, their treatment can now not be published. As counsel for Professors Maseko and Spies, they have standing to bring this constitutional challenge to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5. The challenge in question is one which entails real, earnest and vital controversy between litigants and nothing about the treatment is hypothetical. A favourable court decision for Professors Maseko and Spies will remedy the interference as it will be a development in law and will assist towards further decisions of this nature. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV/AIDS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As in the case of Ferreira v Levin NO, where Chaskalson P held that the allegation need merely be that, objectively speaking, a right in the Bill of Rights has been infringed or threatened, this case, the right of freedom of expression in being violated. The right which is infringed upon is not emotional, but objective. By not being allowed to suppress their findings, Professors Maseko and Spies’ personal rights as per the Bill of Rights and their interests have been infringed upon and therefore do have standing. Taking this into consideration, Professors Maseko and Spies are entitled to apply for relief, including declaration of rights. They are able to demonstrate that there is sufficient interest, besides their own, in having their treatment published by just taking into account the statistics of deaths caused by HIV/AIDS and the need for tested treatment. Besides being personally affected by the new Medicines Control Amendment act5, the fundamental rights of Professors Maseko and Spies are at stake as their rights have been threatened by the Minister of Health issuing a prior restraint in publication. There is no evidence available that proves this treatment to be dangerous and is in fact seen as a breakthrough by international and domestic experts. The Minister of Health remains certain that the garlic, African Potatoes and vitamins is sufficient enough. In the case Janse van Rensburg v Minister van Handel en Nywerheid, Professors Maseko and Spies are entitled to know what are considered to be the dangerous elements of their treatment since no alternative relief was provided. Allowing the treatment to be released will be of great interest to the public and will benefit a great number of them too. The main personal rights of Professors Maseko and Spies which are being infringed upon are their freedom to the press and other media, their freedom to impart information or ideas and their academic freedom of scientific research, since their research findings have been suppressed. Taking into account all the above factors, Professors Maseko and Spies do have standing to bring this constitutional challenge to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5. As soon as a fundamental right has been infringed upon, it is the individual’s right to challenge this and stand before the court with their findings, proof and evidence. The Treatment Action Campaign’s Vision is to follow a unified quality health care system which provides equal access to HIV prevention and treatment services for all people. Their mission it to ensure that every person living with HIV has access to quality comprehensive prevention and treatment services to live a healthy life. They will approach their mission by securing comprehensive treatment and prevention services in selected focus districts as a model for other districts and to inform and support national advocacy efforts through its branches, providing a platform for people to mobilise and organise around HIV and related health rights. The new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 permits the Minister of Health to suppress any scientific findings she deems to run counter to current state health policies by issuing a prior restraint on publication. Professors Maseko and Spies have discovered a fourth line anti-retroviral treatment that has proven to be a efficacious in combating the conditions of patients with HIV/AIDS and drug resistant forms of TB. However the Minister of health finds this treatment to be groundless and dangerous and has invoked her power under the new Medicines control Amendment Act s5 to prevent SA Medical Review from publishing the findings. The decision of the Minister of Health is going totally against what the Treatment Action Campaign is all about and therefore the Treatment Action Campaign will with this case and any other case which permits them from reaching their mission, challenge the Constitution by means of litigation, lobbying, advocacy and all forms of legitimate social mobilisation, any barrier or obstacle, including unfair discrimination, that limits access to treatment for HIV/AIDS in the private and public sector. The Treatment Action campaign will at no stage publish a treatment that has not been approved by experts and gone through the necessary tests. The Minister of health is also unable to offer any evidence that the treatment is dangerous. If there was evidence that this is true, there would be no reason to challenge the Constitution and the Treatment Action Campaign would not be interested in publishing the findings. The object and purpose of the Treatment Action Campaign is being threatened and therefore they will challenge this act so that they can have the treatment available for the public which they serve. The public certainly have sufficient interest in the aforesaid remedy. In Ferreira v Levin NO, O’Regan identified factors to determine whether a person is genuinely acting in the public interest and for this case, the factors which are relevant factors are the nature of the relief sought, and the range of persons who may be directly or indirectly affected by any order made by the court the opportunity that those persons had to present evidence and argument to the court. The Treatment Action Campaign has the interest of the public at hand, and does not want to publish the findings for their own benefit, but for the benefit of HIV/AIDS and TB patients as they all have sufficient interest in the remedy which they seek. The new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 is violating the freedom of speech right and freedom to impart information and the Treatment Action campaign therefore has standing to bring this Constitutional Challenge to the New Medicines Control Amendment Act s5.

Significance of marketing strategies and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab Dubai. The WritePass Journal

Significance of marketing strategies and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab Dubai. Abstract: Significance of marketing strategies and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab Dubai. Abstract:Chapter 1.1: Introduction:Chapter 1.2: Statement of the problem:Chapter 1.3: Significance of the problem:Chapter 1.4: Purpose:Chapter 1.5: Statement of hypothesis:Chapter 1.6: Limitations:Chapter 2.0: Review of related literature:Chapter 3.0: Description of the research design:Chapter 3.1: Sources of data:Chapter 3.2: Sampling Procedures:Chapter 3.3: Data gathering instruments:Chapter 3.4: Statistical treatment:Chapter 4.0: Data analysis:Chapter 5.0: Major findings:Chapter 5.1: Conclusion:Chapter 5.2: Recommendation for the further investigation:Reference:Related Abstract: The twenty first century has been the age of advance technology, information and communication systems. So, in this age of travel and tourism has been simplified due to the advances in communication technology. The trends related to travel and tourism has increased significantly. Change in attitudes, lifestyle, more holidays taken, appeal of popular destinations and the development in hospitality industry influence people in travel and tourism. Travel and tourism is a leisure activity served by the tourism and hospitality organizations. By encompassing travel and tourism there has been an evolution in the increase in tourism and hospitality organizations in the market. Tourism and hospitality market is getting popularity day by day for its potential. This is why this market is becoming competitive. To survive and prosper in competitive business environment marketers require developing marketing strategies by which they can compete in the market. Tourism and hospitality marketing is b ecoming dynamic and challenging all around the world because of its competition (Briggs, 2001). The tourism and hospitality marketers are moving from traditional marketing practices to innovative marketing practices because of its market demand. Meeting   the customer’s increasing needs and demands require marketers to develop innovative marketing strategies. Marketing people are continuously trying to improve their tourism and hospitality product and services for the customers. Today customers are very much service oriented because they have variety of options to chose the brand. To develop the brand marketers are continuously trying to improve their brand by providing extended services to the customers. The significance of public relation in tourism and hospitality organizations is increasing because of its effectiveness. By building public relations the organizations are moving to the varied approaches of marketing where the marketers are having its benefits. Our researc h will investigate how Burj al Arab a seven star hotel is performing their varied marketing strategy approaches to the competitive business environment. Our research will find out what marketing strategies are effective for the Burj Al Arab as a tourism and hospitality organization. We will analyze the different marketing strategies in tourism and hospitality organization. How Burj Al-Arab is operating their public relation tactics in this market.    Chapter 1.1: Introduction: Tourism and hospitality marketers have tended to expand their market share worldwide by approaching their marketing strategies and efficiency (Tepeci, 2009). Marketing is the process of creating value for the customers. Survival in the market requires brand recognition in the particular market. Burj AL-Arab is a seven star hotel in Dubai (UAE). The very fact is that they have gained brand recognition owing to effective public relation strategy. Tourism and hospitality market is a dynamic market. Because the customers needs and wants are changing. To meet with the changing customer’s needs and wants development of goods and services is an essential requirement. Tourism and hospitality sectors are service oriented market. Customer expects better service as well as satisfaction. But the word ‘satisfaction’ is difficult to perform. The first requirements of customer satisfaction are developing quality products and services. Burj al Arab being a luxury hotel in Dubai h as target customers in tourism and hospitality market and hence satisfaction of this target segment is vital. Normally tourism and hospitality marketers require relationship marketing rather than transactional marketing. Transactional marketing is only buying and selling approach and there is no tendency to build up relationship with the customers. But for sustainable marketing it requires relationship marketing. Relationship marketing creates long-term relationship with the customers. But building relationship with customers is not easy task. When a brand tends to build relationship with its various markets requires some strategic marketing approaches. Brand development or branding is very important for developing relationship with the customers. Different company develops their brand in different way. Burj al-Arab has developed their brand in tourism and hospitality industry as world’s first seven star hotel that provides exquisite service. The product and service quality a dd the additional value to this brand. Successful branding is important in this market as a successful brand acts as a statement for the company to the customer segment. How can a company can develop their brand in this competitive age?. Delivering quality products and service continuously to the market can give brand recognition to the company. Market is always competitive in nature for its rivals. By differentiating the product from the market or form the competitors a marketer can develop their brand. Then brand positioning is significant to get response from the market. Brand positioning is very much effective for the company to harvest form the market. Burj al-Arab has brand positioning in the market. Tourism and hospitality organization target customers are tourists, business people, traveler, event management, sports team and so forth. All of these are customers are the single time customers. They buy products and services again and again. So, organization can build relations hip marketing with this customer so that they buy the product and services from this brand customer loyalty is an important asset for the brand (Kapferer, 2008).Customer loyalty provides the brand loyal customers. Loyal customers are asset for the company because these customers can create many more customers for the company. It is not easy to create loyal customers. It requires reliability and creditability in the market. Why people will buy products and services from the same brand? Why customer will remain loyal to the brand? Is it the ability to trust? .Customers expect guarantee of their sacrifice (Price). Customer is the king in the market it should provide value to the customers needs and wants. Customer’s expectation is more now in the market. Marketers will have to meet with customer’s expectation. A strong brand is a promise to the customers. Burj al-Arab is a brand that promises to deliver high quality product and services to its target market. By doing this continuously they can develop a brand. Brand creates a faith to the mind of customers than the brand is providing a solution to the problem positively. To have a positive image over the market marketers can provide more than customer’s expectation. A delighted customer will act as the brand ambassador to the brand. Marketers can target the customer’s heart and mind to win over them and will provide positive emotional bonding which will develop a mutual beneficial relationship focusing on trust, good understanding and support. These marketers can develop a strong brand in the competitive market environment. To perform these activities marketers may require sufficient market research activities to know what customer wants. Why they want?   when they want? And how they want? A good solution of this question will provide marketers to reach the customer’s emerging demand to provide satisfaction. Public relation (PR) revolves around this world, people act based on their perception of facts (Wilcox, 2003). Public relation is one of the promotional strategies. It is not like advertisement. Public relation is very strong tools of communication in the competitive market especially in tourism and hospitality firm. Our organization Burj al-Arab is a big organization in hospitality market. Such an organization has huge opportunity of performing public relations activities by which they can enhance their marketing network and public image in the market. Normally public relation creates awareness to the mass market to the brand. Today customers face so many brands in the market. This is why they can forget any brand. So, public relation is very much effective tool to create special awareness to the customers by focusing positive side of the organization. Public relation is more effective in terms of its cost and benefits (Raja, 2004). Public relations provide an improved understanding in the market between marketers and customers. Competition is increasing day by day. To face the increased competition public relation provides the awareness to the company’s actual and potential market. Today marketers are also focusing on network and relationship marketing strategy. Relationship marketing strategy is very much significant in tourism and hospitality market because the customers of this market are repeated. A business man frequently comes to London for his business purpose. So, the relationship marketing is effective in this market. Relationship marketing can create a customer network.. Better product and better service will keep remain customer loyal to the brand. Then a satisfied customer can create more customers through the network. Only marketers require maintaining regular communication with the customers. Due to increased competition, marketers are shifting to strategic customer relations. Strategic customer relation increases customer’s loyalty to the brand. To meet with customers unlimited needs and demands marketers develop various products and services while marketers launch any new product or services than marketer conduct viral and guerilla market ing activities. Viral marketing is done to generate huge amount of buzz and brand awareness to the customers. For example launching a new package tour product or introducing any new service Burj al-Arab can conduct viral marketing campaign for high public awareness in the market. On the other hand guerilla marketing is an unconventional marketing promotion activity. These marketing activities are not for any target customers. Guerilla marketing may be any public space, where people have crowded to spread the information. Marketing activities have become more speedy and effective since last decades because of internet availability and accessibility. E-marketing has solved various marketing problems. Now tourism and hospitality operators can invite guests through e-marketing or electronic marketing technology. Chapter 1.2: Statement of the problem: Significance of marketing activities and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab. Chapter 1.3: Significance of the problem: Any products or services can’t move to its customers without marketing activities. Burj al-Arab is renowned brand in hospitality market around the world. They have a target customer and market segmentation strategy. But it is also important to inform the target customers about their offerings in the market. In previous time marketers would think that advertising and other marketing activities are waste of money. However times have changed. Now we are living in global village where information is very important to reach the customer’s door. In this global age tourism and hospitality market is very much competitive because of free market economy, information super high way, faster communication. Tourism and hospitality is becoming growth factor of economy in many countries. Different countries are developing their tourism and hospitality product and services. So, the competition is increasing among the continent. In these circumstances customers are also facing variety of brands. Customer’s expectations have increased due to brand overcrowding. So, to develop the brand in the market, marketers are developing their strategy to capture their customers. To have the loyal customer’s marketers need to improve their service. The relationship marketing and public relations have become significant to the both marketers and to the customers. So, our study will verify to learn marketing strategy and to understand the significance of marketing strategy in tourism and hospitality market. Chapter 1.4: Purpose: The main purpose to study of this research is To investigate the significance of marketing strategies and public relations in tourism and hospitality market. To evaluate the effectiveness of marketing strategies in competitive tourism and hospitality market. To determine how Burj al-Arab is conducting their marketing strategies and public relations in their business development. Chapter 1.5: Statement of hypothesis: Marketing strategies and public relation (PR) has significant role in promoting tourism and hospitality product and service. Chapter 1.6: Limitations: Our research may face some limitation in conduction this study. As we will use secondary data to conduct this research so, that data may be invalid. The collected data and information may be expired to get the effective outcomes from the study. The unavailability of data may be another limitation of our research. Chapter 2.0: Review of related literature: Tourism and hospitality management organizations are facing competition in the market due to customers growing needs and demands (Deuschl, 2006). So, marketers are developing their marketing strategy to manage tourism and hospitality in the competitive market. Due to increased competition in the tourism and hospitality market, marketers are developing package tours and travels to attract variety of customers in the market. But they need to communicate this to their customers. In travel and tourism industry marketers target both local and international customers. Hence the target market is global. Each and every organization needs to have market sustainability. Brand image and brand loyalty provides the marketers sustainability in the market. Both of these marketing management activities provide the brand good positioning in the market. So when customers are dissatisfied with the product or services then they switch off   towards another brand. Marketers require customer retention i n the market. Customer retention provides the marketers good sustainability in the competition. Customer retention is more important than gaining new customers. In tourism and hospitality market organization can develop their strategic relationship with customers. To retain the customer tourism and hospitality organization launch strategic marketing campaigns such as VIP membership card, special loyalty card, life time customer club card. Tourism and hospitality marketers can move from transactional to relationship marketing approach. Hence successful relationship marketing is more effective than transactional marketing. Transactional marketing emphasis only on single transaction but relationship marketing provides emphasis on to the customer’s retention and customer loyalty. All of these marketing activities are focusing the customer loyalty. Burj-Al-Arab can launch customer loyalty program to have loyal customer in the market. Public relation (PR) activities are involved wi th management of reputation of the brand. Brand reputation is very important for the company’s market image (Oliver, 2004). Public relation activities provide customers positive attitude to the organization and its brand. Such type of promotional activities influence customer to stick to the brand. Thus marketers gain competitive advantage over the market. Burj Al-Arab has huge opportunity as a 7 star hotel to conduct public relation activities which give them good market reputation in the market. So, it’s an easy and effective way to conduct public relation activities by which they can gain market recognition in the highly competitive market. They also can have third party endorsement of opinion from any political or celebrities. In today’s marketing management a good public relation is important than ever before. Now customers are very much informed and intelligence with knowledge. It is also true that public is bothered with the exaggeration of advertisement for products or services. The difference between advertising and public relation is the public relation provides more important information to the public. It provides valuable information for customer’s awareness. Credibility is very important in public relation. An organization is to maintain high level of credibility in public relation. An organization is to maintain high level of credibility in public relation campaign (Andrew, 2009). In this case marketers can make a good relation with a local news paper who will write a good relation with a local news paper who will write a good article regarding the brand and their activities. To make effective public relation the organization can do extraordinary activities in the society. The public relation provides trust worthy news to the society which creates brand image in the market. Hospitality marketers develop new product and services for customer attraction. Very common marketing strategies by tourism and hospitality organization they create joint marketing promotional activities with travel and tourism organization. In this situation the organization can develop a package product for the customers. Their new product may be a new destination tours and travel; they can arrange an event, entertainment and recreational arrangements to attract customers. A brand loyal customer can create many more new customers. By performing word of mouth (WOM) company can have good market recognition. Market recognition is important for building and developing relationship marketing. At present marketers is laying emphasis on relationship marketing. Relationship marketing is performed for attracting and retaining customers for long time. To attract and retain customers organization requires quality product and service delivery. A brand’s responsibility is to make custome r happy with their product and services. To gain loyal customers a marketer’s responsibility is to provide customized service for individual customers. A market oriented organization delivers customer oriented service or customized service by which they can make happy the customers and can keep then loyal to the brand. Marketers require to be continuously monitoring customer satisfaction. Customer’s needs and wants are continuously changing. So, to meet these changing requirements of customer it requires satisfaction monitoring. Customer satisfaction monitoring provides marketer efficiency to provide market oriented product and service. Burj Al-Arab is a hospitality organization. They must monitor customer satisfaction to keep the customer’s needs and demands update. By motivating this marketers develop their new product or can improve the existing product. Network and relationship marketing is a new requirements for the marketers point of view (Shafi, 2008). Ne twork and relationship marketing provides strong network connection with company’s various customers. Thus network and relationship marketing benefits marketer in two ways one being connected to customer’s remaining loyal to the brand. The other importance is customer can provide their reaction to the brand. Customers can provide their ideas, need and demand to the marketers. In tourism and hospitality organization can build network and relationship marketing strategies. By building and maintaining network and relationship marketing strategy company can increase their market share. Strategic relationship provides company market survival and growth. To survive and significant prosper in the market strategic relationship is very important. Hospitality organization can build strategic relationship with other organization which is involved with travel and tourism service. For example Burj Al-Arab makes a strategic relation with British Air ways. Strategic relation is a con tract between two parties. In this case the hospitality organization can contract that are passengers in British air ways will get special benefit from Burj AL –Arab to take hospitality service. Thus this hotel can increase their customers and market share. Viral and guerilla marketing is effective for new product launch in tourism and hospitality organization. E-marketing or electronic marketing is very significant for tourism and hospitality organization. Now customer can do everything being at their home. Internet and e-marketing has made it easy. Tourists can buy their travel ticket, hotel booking and spot renting everything they can perform without any effort. So, e-marketing is very much effective for travel and tourism. Chapter 3.0: Description of the research design: Research design is very important to conduct a quality research. Our research will be qualitative and quantitative. Both qualitative and quantitative research will provide us effective outcome. Qualitative research h will provide us in depth understanding of research problem statement. On the other hand collected data will be analyzed in quantitative form with numerical presentation. Both of this will provide us good result our study. Chapter 3.1: Sources of data: Our data will be collected from the secondary sources. The secondary data will be available in the previous research paper, journal of articles, newspaper, book, trade magazine and in the internet. Chapter 3.2: Sampling Procedures: Conduct this research will take selective sample. The selective sample will provide our research significant result. Chapter 3.3: Data gathering instruments: Our will collect our field research representative. They will collect necessary data from various sources. To collect data they will contact the responsible organization earlier. Chapter 3.4: Statistical treatment: To get significant result from our study we will conduct statistical treatments. We will cluster analysis, regression analysis. Chapter 4.0: Data analysis: analysis is very significant part of the research. Our analysis data will be presented with appropriate text, necessary tables and figures and chart. Chapter 5.0: Major findings: Major findings of our research are: Marketing strategies are significant for Burj Al-Arab as a tourism and hospitality organization. Brand image is important for customer’s loyalty. Brand loyalty provides customer retention. Public relation provides good customer management and reputation for the brand. Public relation tactic provide customer retention in the market to specific brand. Chapter 5.1: Conclusion: Marketing is creative and dynamic. There are various customers in the market with different needs and wants. Marketer’s responsibility is to meet that customers needs and wants by providing quality products and services. There are different hotel are operating in tourism and hospitality market. Burj Al-Arab is one of them. To attract tourist customers they have different marketing strategies. In this way they differentiate from their nearest competitors in the uniqueness of services provided through innovative public relation campaigns they have good customer relations to provide them satisfaction. Strategic marketing is providing them market efficiency to complete in the market. Thus they are developing their market day by day and are   force to reckon with in the luxury hospitality market segment Chapter 5.2: Recommendation for the further investigation: Further investigation my be on impact of brand image in customer retention. Significance of relationship marketing in tourism and hospitality organization. E-marketing to manage customer relation. Reference: Dennis L. Wilcox, Public Relations Strategies and Tactics, 2003, ISBN-0205360734 Hasim Raja, significance of public relation in tourism market, 2004 Harper Deuschl, Development study of tourism and hospitality organization, 2006 Jean Noel Kapjerer, The new strategic brand management, 2008, ISBN-13:978074945085-4 Mustafa Repeci, Increasing brand loyalty in the hospitality industry, A journal of article, July 2009 Sandra Oliver, Public relation strategies, 2004, ISBN-0749435410 Susan Briggs, Successful Tourism Marketing, 2nd edition, 2001, ISBN-0749434694 flightmapping.com/airlines/QatarAirways/,Access date: 16/01/2011 http://directrooms.com/uae/hotels/burj-al-arab-hotel-dubai-731.htm, Access date: 17/01/2011 onecaribbean.org/content/files/UNWTOTOURISMOUTLOOK2010.pdf, Access date: 17/01/2011

Simple Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Simple - Coursework Example As a result, municipal government receives more money from selling tickets for the sports activities, but less money from sports substitutes. (AtlantaFed) It is clear, that while making plans to increase the revenues from sports, we need to think about the opportunity costs of introducing such activities. For example, the extra benefits from selling more tickets from a newly built stadium, which is much bigger than the old one, may be outstripped by the losses of movie theaters, restaurants and children entertainment facilities in the same city. This may happen, because the stadium will be visited mostly by the adults, while the movie theaters and restaurants will lose such customers as small children. They will not be able to go see cartoons, eat pancakes or ice-cream, see magic shows and ride a pony in amusement parks, as their parents will be busy preparing for and watching the professional game. The same may happen even within sports industry. For example, the people will go to the professional game, but will not go to a pool or a water park with their children, and thus these facilities will receive less profits than they expected. Even though they were not designed as facilities for professional sports, they still can be considered as those, which belong to the sports industry, as they deal with amateur sports

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Immigration - Essay Example For others it will be shown how they feel that immigration has become a looming problem within the country and increases the risk of terrorist activity within America. Overall, my conclusion will demonstrate how the United States has hallmarked itself in the world with invitations to foreigners to enter into our country for better opportunities, and a chance for a higher quality of life, therefore we have only brought the current problems with immigration onto ourselves with no one to blame but our own government. Across the span of time, the outcome of war and conflict has been the vehicle of change for nations and its population. The outcome of regional hostilities directly affects the positive and negative outcomes of established civilizations. Immigration is an element of population change and is defined as the movement of people from one nation to another with the intention of attaining permanent residence during a certain period of time. Immigration is defined as the process of people permanently leaving a nation or region to settle in another for better opportunities, improved life, and to build on their dreams for the future. America has represented itself to other nationalities as a place of peace, hope, and a better life, leaving the invitation open to come and immigrate to this land (Heaney 1977, pg. 15). Therefore, the United States, in reality, has no one to blame but themselves for the escalating problems that are associated with immigration issues today. People immigrate to improve their economic situations, avoid political or religious persecution, or as a result of war displacement. According to the Department of Immigration and Naturalization Services personnel, "American immigration patterns indicate that approximately twenty percent of all immigrants to the United States relocated as a result of war displacement"(Artingstall 2003). In past times, there were three major groups of people that migrated to the United States between 1950 and 2000; the Jews after WWII, the Asians after the Korean Conflict and the Vietnamese after the Vietnam War. Although, recent immigration continues to occur and increase the population of America, the above three armed conflicts have brought new immigration policy changes and the largest amount of immigration movement since 1945. Even so, more recently the immigration problem has been with Hispanics crossing over illegally and also due to the conflict in the Middle East which has brought many Arabs migrating to the United States, enlarging the threat of terrorism in many people's minds. It would seem that every time a war or conflict takes place it has brought about vast changes for the United States. For example, World War II brought about a vast population of people migrating from Europe to the United States. Although, the United States was spared the physical land damages other countries had experienced during the war, many major changes were occurring in cities across our nation. The construction of new factories, military bases and housing created

Children Essay Example for Free

Children Essay 1.1 Explain how legislation, frameworks, codes of practice and policies relating to positive behaviour support are applied to own working practice. The aspects of my role within our setting are regulated by our policies and procedures which have been written with current legislation such as the Children’s act. These policies and procedures cover promoting positive behaviour and we all follow that as our code of practice as this is an important area to both us and all our children. We focus very much on praise for good behaviour, respecting each other and each other’s feelings, helping each other and if they cannot do something but try we give praise for trying. We feel that a child’s behaviour is reflected in how much they feel valued within our setting, we make sure the children have planned activities for them to experience and we allow the children to have their say and we change and mould activities letting the children take the lead and let the activity free flow and it ends up being a lot of fun. We do have a set of house rules which we feel are realistic and very set around house rules that would apply in their own home. We try to be consistent in enforcing these house rules which very much includes our own daughter, we make sure she is included in following the house rules the same as all the other children that we look after. However all children will have times where they misbehave and for this we have several strategies, depending on the age and stage of ability of the child but we find that they work well for us. * Distraction- We will remove the child from a situation and give them an alternative activity or we ask the child to help us with a special task and tell them we need their help. * Ignoring- Depending on the situation we may ignore the bad behaviour as we feel it is being done to get a reaction, we do find this more common with our own daughter too. * Discuss with child- We will take the child to one side and talk to them about why we will remove them from the activity if they continue even though we don’t want to do that but we want children to understand that their actions have consequences, we are always very careful that we explain that it’s their behaviour that we don’t like not them. We also talk to the child about how they are feeling maybe not at that point but we return to it later on to see if anything is troubling them that they want to talk about * Time Out- Removing the child from an activity or situation and giving them some quiet time, maybe even some TV time if this is what their prefer to do, we find that some children burn out and just need some short time on their own or with a friend to chill out and relax We will never smack, shake, or hurt a child in any way and we will never humiliate a child ever We would always discuss the situation with the parent on collecting; we have never had a situation where we have had to call a parent/carer to collect the child but if the situation needed it we would do that. We have found that some children get quite distressed if you tell their parents about their behaviour and this can actually have a negative reaction so we will catch the parent before the child knows they are here and speak to them in private in our lounge about the situation, confirm how we dealt with it at the time and the outcome and that we have dealt with the behaviour at the time that it happened. 1.2 Define what is meant by restrictive interventions. There are a number of forms of restrictive intervention’s, the first one is physical intervention where you have to intervene such as if two children were having a fight and you wanted to break them up then there is a good chance that you will need to separate them to calm them down. Social intervention is another form of restrictive intervention where you can deal with the situation with speech, body language and facial expressions. Social intervention is also used in the setting for example the stair gates to stop the children climbing the stairs, the safety straps on the high chair so they don’t fall out. 1.3 Explain when restrictive intervention may and may not be used. Practitioners will always look for the best possible way of dealing with situations that may arise, unfortunately that’s sometimes not the case and there are times where Restrictive intervention may be required when a child is showing signs of unreasonable behaviour and everything has been taken into account of trying to reason with them, intervention may then be used, but any forms of intervention are best used as a last resort as its always best practice to communicate in a positive way but strongly depending on the circumstances and situation i.e. any injury that may have been caused by a child to another could have been an accident and therefore intervention of any kind may not be required on this occasion. 1.4 Explain who needs to be informed of any incidents where restrictive interventions have been used. It outlines in the EYFS that one intervention that can be used however rare that it is, can be that of a physical one, it is used to manage a child’s behaviour and it must be recorded and the parents must be informed on the same day as the incident occurred. Our own policies and procedures state that any intervention that has been required will be discussed with you at the time of pick up, written in their handbook if they have one or a phone call will be made on that day by us informing the parents of the incident and how it was dealt with at the time. 1.5 Explain why the least restrictive interventions should be used when dealing with incidents of challenging behaviour. I think it’s always important for people who look after children in whatever role they may do to be positive in sometimes difficult circumstances, I don’t mean we should praise bad behaviour far from it but we need to show positive reinforcement of some nature in order for us to get the best out of young people , negativity won’t bring out the best in people and will only give them a sense of despair and lack of self-confidence, positive feedback will hopefully bring them the confidence they need in life to go from strength to strength so I feel it’s always important to concentrate on what they can do well and not what they can’t do right. For all parties involved in situations of bad behaviour it’s important if possible to diffuse situations and to try and talk things through to a resolution with the child involved, with safety in mind. 1.6 Describe safeguards that must be in place if restrictive physical interventions are used. With health and safety in mind there are environments that need to be safe if any physical intervention is required, safety to all is priority in this situation and as unfortunate as it may be, if a person cannot be calmed down by any other means as previously discussed a situation may escalate and turn physical. It’s important that all children are safe and therefore removed from the setting and placed with other practitioners in another room away from the threatening behaviour of the individual concerned. If any unfortunate event does take place it’s important that the room is as safe as possible to avoid any injury to all involved, remember we are still looking for a peaceful and positive ending here and a physical situation is really the last thing anybody wants.it needs reminding here that its best if 2 practitioners are on standby as witnesses may be needed if things got out of hand and if anything was ever required from a medical point of view. 2.1 Explain the difference between proactive and reactive strategies. These are both at each end of the spectrum, a Proactive strategy is about us preventing a situation that we perceive may happen , a reactive strategy is something that hasn’t happened yet and something we may have to react to, a negative situation that we may have to turn into a positive one. 2.2 identify the proactive and reactive strategies that are used within own work role. To use these strategies’ it’s about us seeing, hearing and being aware of situations almost in a psychic form that may develop in our setting, for us to react and respond in a way to prevent something we feel may happen, as it may have happened before so will it happen again?, this could be any type of issue or situation and any act that is carried out by a child such as crying, aggressive behaviour, smacking, biting, arguments , an example of a situation that has occurred with us in our setting are as follows, a proactive and reactive example of the way we work would be to plan an activity when 2 of the children that are involved in this don’t get along very well but we want them to feel included in the groups activity ,it’s our job to understand what happened previously when we did this activity and the cause of the situation in the first place we can then implement ch ange for next time and see if there is any change in the behaviour of the child or children if resolved then fine, if not it’s up to us again to look at the cause and then try another method , methods used in situations like this would be to: Use our knowledge in order to avoid escalation, containment, use diversion as a strategy, use mediation, challenge and explain to children the consequences of their actions, support children and help them resolve situations to a positive end. 2.3 Explain the importance of identifying patterns of behaviour or triggers to challenging behaviour when establishing proactive or reactive strategies to be used. Like I’ve touched on earlier it’s about identifying the early warning signs that triggers children to cause disruptive behaviour and for us to intervene and preventing it from escalating further, it’s usually in our case quite easy to spot as you will see situations from time to time where you may find a child can start something and others will follow and do the same thing , an example of this would be where a child has been given something to do but has no interest in what they are doing, with nothing to do they begin to run around the play area and cause other children to do the same, it’s up to us to identify and intervene with this before it happens , a warning sign can sometimes be a change in their mood and other causes are as follows. Boredom give them something to focus on. Lack of choice it’s so important for them to them to be stimulated make sure there is plenty of choice in terms of things to do. Frustration in not being able to do something. Lack of attention make sure we communicate with them and show positive feedback if their doing something well. Disruption and noise – make sure of a calm environment. Too many children doing an activity – move make sure there another alternative activity A difficult one to identify is sometimes when they’re not well, all children are different and react in different kinds of ways, some will communicate and engage well and some wont. 2.4 Explain the importance of maintaining a person or child-centred approach when establishing proactive strategies. Challenging behaviour can be an individual thing and not all children react in the same way or react at the same level there can be different degrees in the severity of the behaviour. When dealing with inappropriate behaviour it’s important that each child is handled as an individual and not as a group, this shows that we are capable of adapting to each single case and it must be noted that a technique that may suit one child may not suit another, treating the children as individuals is also gives them a sense of value as they are treated as individual young people. Like we’ve said often despite the circumstances a positive spin on the situation is always a good one to end with. 2.5 Explain the importance of reinforcing positive behaviour with individuals. All people like to be praised and look for approval its only human nature and children are no different, to be positive as a person comes from positive behaviour itself, it’s always what we strive for and to be as a person, it’s vital that we show encouragement, praise and to be positive when they do something well if children are not praised for doing something well or they don’t get encouragement in a positive way they will look for attention in another ways, this is usually from a negative point of view i.e. they will start to show challenging behaviour in order to get a response this is most certainly what we don’t want ,as its not only bad for the child in question but the practitioner will find frustration in the fact that the feeling they now have could come across to the child in a negative light and that was something they were trying to avoid initially. You can now see that reinforcing positive behaviour is a good thing and the children mirror th is situation by acting appropriately well and in a positive light. 2.6 Evaluate the impact on an individual’s well-being of using reactive rather than proactive strategies. The use of a reactive approach towards a child is more of a negative one I feel, as an incident has already occurred and there will be a consequence for the child’s action, whereas a proactive approach is more of a positive one as it outlines from the start the behaviour that is expected from them, children as they are need constant reminders of good positive behaviour and if a proactive approach wasn’t used in the first place and an incident has occurred , the reactive approach after the incident has taken place can make the child in question feel a sense of confusion ,they may feel ashamed, humiliated and a whole host of negative feelings even if they are expressed in a positive light.

A Separate Peace :: essays research papers

Most stories’ titles give readers some insight of what the story will be about. This important concept is seen in the novel, A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles. In general the setting is its own separate peace. There are also specific examples of when characters in the novel try to create their own separate peace. The winter carnival is a good example, which shows the students at the Devon School creating their own separate peace. After being severely maimed, Finny enters his own state of mind, where there is no war occurring. He tries to put this state of mind into the other students’ minds. Finny starts a winter carnival during which the boys at Devon feel a degree of freedom in this time of war. At the carnival the boys drink cider and dance on the tables. They all feel that nothing matters anymore but their own fantasy world. Even the boys that were uptight about the war, like Brinker, loosened up and enjoyed the fantasy that Finny created. Finny successfully creates his own separate peace by creating a fantasy world. Gene and Finny create their own peace after there is a period of guilty tension. After Gene shakes Finny out of the tree, he feels guilt start to fall upon him. He is hesitant to tell Finny the truth about his accident, and as a result his guilt jumps to a higher level. Gene tries to tell him at the hospital that he is responsible for Finny falling out of the tree, but the doctor interrupts them. This tension between them builds until Gene admits to Finny what really happened. After that, Finny forgives him, and they resume their friendship, and their separate peace. A Separate Peace is shown through many examples in this novel.

Total Quality Management in Toyota

Introduction Toyota is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturers, selling over  9 million models in 2006 on all five continents. A Top 10 Fortune Global 500 enterprise, Toyota ranks among the world’s leading global corporations and is proud to be the most admired automaker, an achievement the company believes stems from its dedication to customer satisfaction. Toyota has been shaped by a set of values and principles that have their roots in the company’s formative years in Japan. The Toyota story begins in the late 19th century, when Sakichi Toyoda invented Japan’s first power loom, which was to revolutionise the country’s textile industry. In January 1918, Sakichi founded the Toyoda Spinning & Weaving Company, and with the help of his son, Kiichiro Toyoda, he fulfilled his lifelong dream of building an automatic loom in 1924. Two years later, he established Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. Like his father, Kiichiro was an innovator, and during his visits to Europe and the U. S. in the 1920s, he became deeply interested in the nascent automotive industry. Making the most of the ? 100,000 that Sakichi Toyoda received for selling the patent rights of his automatic loom, Kiichiro laid the foundations of Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), which was established in 1937. From looms to cars, the Toyota experience has been shaped by extending the boundaries of manufacturing. History When Toyota became the first Japanese car manufacturer to venture into motor sports in 1957, Shotaro Kamiya, then president of the Toyota Motor Sales Company, encouraged his team with his belief that, â€Å"There will be no progress if you fear failure. † The Toyota spirit For half a century this courageous spirit has guided these pioneers and their successors. Aware of the immense task ahead, Toyota approached motor sports with a mixture of patience and ambition. Over the decades, the company’s â€Å"kaizen† method of continuous improvement proved a winning strategy. Toyota eventually accumulating hard-won experience, professional respect and a long string of victories at tracks all around the world. The purpose of this project is to how Toyota analysis of effectiveness of Total Quality Management in the automobile industry. The reason is quality of a product or a service plays a key role in the current business environment. Total Quality Management is a philosophy that guides every activity within a business. It is concerned with developing and sustaining a culture of continuous improvement, which focuses customer’s expectation at a low cost. Providing the best product or service at the minimum price is the main challenge faced by the current competitive business environment. Toyota customers are price sensitive but at the same time they expect value for money, large companies have been able to gain the economies of scale therefore, they have been able to deliver low price products to the market. But the quality of that product cannot always be impressive as they mainly focus on the low cost. Traditionally the cost of quality is considered as an additional cost but at present cost of quality has taken a major role of a product costing. As the competition and business survival in modem organisations are intensifying, they need not only to increase their market share by improving the quality or products and services, but also improve the performance of their employees. In the early 1980s, the concept of total quality management was widely applied to manufacturing industries. The application of Total Quality Management has recently shown its significance in services industries for improving the quality of service and customers satisfaction, which has resulted in increased competitive advantage. In the UK, service automobile industry represents a dynamic and important sector, which occupies a major part of the economy. Rapid development of new levels of service capabilities would be the best solution to deliver high value- added service to satisfy the customer’s need in the UK automobile industry. The awareness of the important of quality in the survival and competitive advantage has recently started to spread in UK automobile industry (black 1999). Since the effective implementation of Total Quality Management hinges on the development of a business plan and providing value added customers focused processes, it is interesting to study the key drivers, which will make application of TQM successful in service companies such as hotels, banks and hospital etc. Research Objectives Outline of Toyota’s TQM system Analysis of the effectiveness of TQM in Toyota Critically evaluate how Toyota has benefit by adopting TQM principle An analysis of the current problems encountered by Toyota principle of TQM The main reason to choose this topic as my dissertation is my personal experience. Toyota is my main means of transportation. Toyota companies own a well-sophisticated technology; charge very expensive tickets fares, yet inefficient automobile industries had given me the interest to study about it for a long time. Train delays are the main problem that commuters face. The monopoly of train operating companies has made this situation worse. I always believed that Toyota could give a better service at a low rate than now. Also I am personally interested in TRANSPORT economics, which has given me an added reason to do research IN Toyota. Total Quality Management is all about the managing the quality at work on whatever we do and also it helps to reduce and service cost. So that I decide to do a research on application of Total Quality management in Toyota. Literature review Quality is the key to competitive advantage in today’s business environment. As more organisations for Total Quality Management (TQM), the choices open to those wanting to set up a quality system are becoming increasing varied. Good business, which in turn general prosperity and employment, is not something, which comes about by chance. It is result of the skills with which business in general is managed and business in general is only the sum of the activities of the business units. Through all the years that I have been in business I have never yet found our business bad as a result of any outside force. It has always been due to some defect in our own company, and whenever we located and repaired the defect our business become good again regardless of what anybody else may be doing. HENRY FORD According to the above remark done by Henry Ford, it implies that the success or failure of a company depends on the strength and weaknesses of that company. Once they can rectify their slip – ups then they can gain their success back. So by doing everything correctly, with zero defects the failure of a business is minimal. Total Quality Management can be practices in every department, in every activity in a company. It should be practices from senior management to the least level of the employee. Then any business can get success in the competitive business environment. The concept of Total Quality Management was developed by an American, W. Edward Deming, after World War II for improving the production quality of goods and service. The concept was not taken seriously by American until the Japanese, who adopting it in 1950 to resurrect their post war business and industry, used it to dominate world markets by 1980. By then most U. S. manufacturing had finally accepted that the nineteenth century assembly line factory model was outdated for the modern global economic markets (Mehrotra, 2005). Total Quality is a description of the culture, attitude and organisation of a company that aims to provide, and continue to provide, its customers with products and services that satisfy their needs. The culture requires quality in all aspect of the company’s operations, with things being done right first time, and defects and waste eradicated from operations. What is Total Quality Management? The two key elements in this research are Total Quality Management and corporate strategy. The main aim is to conduct an inductive grounded theory study into the strategic impact of Total Quality Management and is to place corporate strategy and TQM in context. The seeks to inductively develop an understanding of the relationship between TQM and strategy, as opposed to testing existing theory. A brief strategic quality management literature review is given, followed by a description of the grounded theory research methodology involving 19 grounded case studies. The grounded results are discussed in the context, in which they were made, this allowing the grounded picture to emerge according to the (Eisenhardt, 1989, 1991). Even though Total Quality Management is all about the managing the quality at work on whatever we do, it has got a vast theoretical area as quality should be everywhere in an organisation. Total Quality Management applies from top to bottom of an organisation, from strategic decisions to final output. Total Quality Management can be studied from three different approaches. They are contribution from quality leaders, formal evaluation models and empirical research. Deming (1986) underlined the use of statistical techniques for quality control, and proposed has 14 principles to improve quality in organisation, based on the following ideas. Leadership, an improvement philosophy, the right production from the beginning, training for managers and employees, internal communication aimed at the elimination of obstacles for cooperation and the suppression of quantitative objective. Juran (1993) pointed out the importance of both technical and managerial aspects, and indentified the three basic function of the quality management process. They are planning, organisation and control, as the stages for quality improvement. He indicated that the aim of the management is to reduce the cost of mistakes, reaching a point where the total costs of quality are minimal according to (Juran and Gryna, 1993). Ishikawa (1985) emphasized the importance of training, the usage of cause effect diagrams for problem solving, and quality circles as a way to achieve continuous improvement. Crosby (1979) defined 14 steps for quality improvement, including top and intermediate management commitment, quality measurement, evaluation of quality costs, corrective action, and training, a zero defect philosophy, objective setting and employee recognition. Lastly, Feigenbaum (1991) described the notion of total quality, based mainly on leadership and an understanding of the aspects of quality improvement, a commitment to incorporate quality in the firm’s practices, and the participation of the entire workforce, the objective being the reduction of total costs. Some of the above mentioned theories have discussed in details in this chapter. Juran (1993) concluded that Total Quality Management is the set of management processes and system that create delighted customers through empowered employees, leading to higher revenue and lowest cost. According to that definition TQM is a combination of all functions and process within an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of goods and service for the customer satisfaction. To accomplish this is need to involve every one and all activities of a continuous way of life for the purpose of managing the quality of the all activities. Total Quality Management is an interaction of number of ideas. In order to attain the quality of an organisation, in terms of all the functions, it is a start to finish process that integrates interrelated function at all levels. It is a systems approach that considers every contact between the various elements of the organisation. As a result of this interaction the overall performance of the organisation will be higher than total of the individual output from the subsystems. Those subsystems such as include organisational functions in the products life cycle such as design, planning, production, distribution and field service. It also needs to integrate management subsystems such as strategy with customers focus, the tools of quality and employee involvement that the linking process integrates whole. As a result of all those activities any product or service can be improved. This particular structure leads the organisation in to continuous improvement and finally customer satisfaction (PHS management training 2005). Continuous improvement of all operations and activities is at the heart of TQM. This is because customer satisfaction can only be achieved by providing a high quality products, continuous improvement of the quality of the product is seen as the only way to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction. As well as recognising the link between product quality and customer satisfaction, TQM also recognises that product quality is the result of process quality. As a result, there is a focus on continuous improvement of the companies’ processes. This will lead to an improvement in process quality. In turn this will lead to an improvement in product quality, and to increase in customer satisfaction. Improvement cycles are encouraged for all activities from design and development of products, through routine support and administrative service, to customer relationship management. To achieve continuous improvement Toyota gas to measure and analyze its own performance and that of other companies. Top management commitment and involvement is required in creating and developing clear quality values and goals consistent with the objective of Toyota, and in creating and developing well defined systems, methods and performance measure for achieving those goals. Such systems and methods guide all quality activities and encourage participation by all employees. The development and use of performance indicators is linked, directly or indirectly, to customer requirements and satisfaction, and employee remuneration elimination of waste is a major component of the quality improvement approach. There is also a strong emphasis on prevention rather than detection, hence an emphasis on quality at the design stage. The customer driven process helps to prevent errors and get closer to defect free production. When problems do occur within the product development process, the aim is to identify and solve them rather than hide them; they are generally discovered and resolved before they can get to the next internal customer Benchmarking What is that organisation do that gets results so much better than ours? The answer to this question opens the door to benchmarking, an approach that is accelerating among U. S. firm that have adopted the total quality management (TQM) philosophy. The essence of benchmarking is the continuous process of comparing a company’s strategy, products and processes with those of the world leaders and best in class organisations in order to learn how the achieve excellence and then setting out match and even surpass it. For many organisations, benchmarking has become a key component of their TQM programs (Joel E. Ross) National and international quality awards place considering emphasis on the need to make inter firm comparisons on a spectrum of performance related criteria. This is called benchmarking. This comparison may be within the industrial sector or against â€Å"best practice† irrespective of the industry concerned. Such comparisons can be made in almost any measures which are not just industry specific. For instance, financial performance measurement such as return on capital employee, debtor and creditor ration, credit period or training levels, plan availability and efficiency. Joel E. Ross) concludes the real meaning of benchmarking is the continuous process of comparing a company’s strategy, products and processes with those of the world’s leader and best in class organisation in order to learn how they achieved excellence and then setting out to match and even surpass it. Nowadays benchmarking is a key component of TQM programs. There is currently some debate abo ut which TQM practices contribute most to superior performance outcomes. Several proponents argue that softer TQM practices such as leadership, human resource management, and customer focus have more impact than benchmarking, process analysis or performance measurement. The evidence for which TQM factors contribute most too improved performance is not yet conclusive, and sometimes contradictory. Using data from a longitudinal study of 67 TQM firms we contribute to this debate. Our central hypothesis is that measurement of key TQM practices and performance outcomes in essential for TQM success. We examine the measurement practise of this cohort of firms, and report on the changes in their measurement behaviour over time. Specifically, we analyse seven dimensions of measurement relating to customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and process performance, impact of TQM on costs, and sales, self assessment, and benchmarking. We calculate a measurement intensity score for each firm, based on how many of these seven parameters were being measured, and we show that increased measurement intensity is strongly associated with perceived TQM success. Finally, using multivariate discriminate analysis, we identify eight variables that explain the level of TQM success with a classification accuracy of almost 90 %. We conclude that to attain the highest levels of TQM success, firm need to engage in the measurement practices of self assessment and benchmarking, but our data suggest that an appropriate measurement framework needs to be in place beforehand ( Taylor 2006) One of the biggest mistake people make when beginning their benchmarking endeavour is that they only look to benchmark someone within their own industry. Although this doesn’t hurt, but obviously industries already know enough about their industry to know what works and what doesn’t. Some people think they must benchmark their competitor. But if the competitor is worse than your company, it can be a big waste of time and energy. And it will not give the favourable result for the company. Instead of benchmarking a company that is well known for being a good model will give a favourable result to the company. Benchmarking will help to find out, who performs the business process very well and gas process practices that are adaptable to your own organisation if you need to conduct a comprehensive benchmark study or if you can obtain 80 – 90 % of what you need from just using the telephone, email or any other electronic survey to communicate your needs with other member on the benchmarking exchange (Hing, 2001). The drive of customer satisfaction The benefit of having customers who are satisfied is well known. The issues in building customer satisfaction are to acquire satisfied customers, know when you have them, and keep. The obvious way to determine what makes customers satisfied is simply to ask them. (Joel E. Ross) Total quality management has a customer first orientation. The customer, not internal activities and constraints, comes first. Customer satisfaction is seen as the company’s highest priority. The company believes it will only be successful if customers are satisfied. The TQM company is sensitive to customer requirements and responds rapidly to them. In the TQM context, being sensitive to customer requirement’s goes beyond defect and error reduction, and merely specification or reducing customer complaints (Black, 1999). The concept of requirement is expanded to take in not only product and service attributes that meet basic requirements, but also those that enhance and differentiate them for competitive advantage. Each part of the company is involved in Total Quality, operating as a customer to some function and as a supplier to others. The engineering department is a supplier to downstream functions such as manufacturing and field service, and has to treat these internal customers with the same sensitivity and responsiveness as it would external customers. This also helps to motivate employee’s activities as the conflicts are minimal as they treat each other as customers. TQM Components TQM has four basic components 1. Put customers first 2. Make Continuous Improvement 3. Aim for zero defects 4. Training and development Put Customers First A quality product or service satisfies customer’s needs and expectations. Whether a product or service is of high or low quality, will be decided by how it made the consumer feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded. See quality. If customers are not put first, then customer expectations will be difficult to satisfy and consequently quality will not be achieved. Customers can be put first through a variety of initiatives including †¢ Undertaking market research to discover consumer needs so that the organisation can develop products and services that exceed their consumer’s needs. †¢ Looking after all customers whether internal or external. Internal customers are employees of the organisation and are known as customers when they approach each other for a service. External customers are all non-employees (of the organisation) that approach the organisation in connection with a service or product. †¢ Effective customer care systems. †¢ Ensuring that all service standards are met. †¢ Listening to customer views and opinions. Responding to customer views including resolving customer complaints in a manner that satisfies their expectations. Once customer complaints are resolved they should be analysed to prevent future recurrence. Make Continuous Improvement The Japanese term â€Å"kaizen† has contributed to this component. Kaizen believes that there are no limits to continuous improvement. This means that a TQM organisation will continuously strive to improve their product/service and increase the quality standards. A TQM organisation will also view change positively whether the change involves a process change or a change in customer needs and expectations. This is because changes will enable the organisation to develop and explore quality. Aim for Zero Defects There are a number of reasons behind the aim to eradicate defects. Defects are expensive because they will lower the customer’s confidence in the product. Also it is more expensive to rectify defects than it is to prevent them occurring in the first place. Zero defects can be achieved through a combination of quality assurance and quality control. Training and Development An organisation will need to train their employees to ensure that they understand the principles of TQM. A TQM organisation employee will need to understand how TQM is to be achieved or maintained and how they as an employee will ensure that the organisation emulates TQM. Unless each employee accepts and believes in TQM it will be difficult for the organisation to practice TQM. QUALITY Quality is important to business organisations and their consumers. This is because quality products or services can and will secure consumer’s business. However do not equate quality with expensive, as price will not determine quality. Whether a product or service is of high or low quality, will be decided by how it made the consumer feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded. Adding Value Some writers such as Tom Peters (in his book â€Å"Thriving on Chaos†) believe that quality rather than price dictates demand for a product. Peters argues that customers will be prepared to pay for high quality. This means that value is added to a product by ensuring that products/services have the quality consumers require. Quality Control This is defined as the process of identifying which products/services do not meet the organisation’s standards. Once identified the products/services below standard will then be adapted (so that they meet the standards expected) or discontinued Quality Assurance The purpose of this is to ensure that products/services are not below standard when manufactured or used by the consumer. The aim of quality assurance is to make sure that all the goods produced or services offered have â€Å"zero defects†. Quality assurance should save costs as products below standard can not be sold. It should also protect the organisation’s reputation. Whilst quality control is about identification of low quality products, quality assurance is about prevention. In other words the aim of quality assurance is to ensure that products are not below standard. Quality Circles A quality circle is made up of a group of people at various levels within the organisation. These people will have meetings where they will discuss and attempt to solve problems within the organisation. Each of these problems will be real problems faced by the organisation and will require solutions that can be put into practice. Training To ensure that an organisation can offer the quality expected by their consumers, they will strive to continuously improve their product or service. This is because a constantly evolving market place will change consumer demands, needs and expectations with it. Continuous improvement will only take place if staff possesses the right skills and knowledge. Skills and knowledge are usually acquired by the staff through the organisation’s ongoing training and development programs. Fishbone Analysis A fishbone analysis is also known as a cause and effect analysis. The concept was thought up by Kaoru Ishikawa. The analysis suggests that in order to solve a problem an organization is going through, the firm should try to find out the causes. Only when the causes are discovered and understood can you prevent the problem from occurring again. The best way to view the cause and effect was to draw it out like a fish skeleton with the problem at the head of the fish and the bones, the causes. Causes of problems could be anything from: †¢ Manpower †¢ Machinery †¢ Materials the firm uses †¢ Methods of making the product Or it could be down to one or some of the elements of the in business (see below). If you look at this diagram the problem for the company is declining sales, the causes of declining sales when traced back can be from inefficient processes, to lack of training for staff. To address the problem of declining sales the causes need to be addressed. The benefit of a fishbone analysis is it enables the problem to be traced back to the root causes, with the aim of trying to find long term solutions. A cause and effect analysis is usually completed in teams, where the fishbone is drawn out and team member brainstorm possibilities of the problem. Total Quality Management is the set of management processes and systems that create delighted customers through empowered employees, leading to higher revenue and lower cost. Total Quality Management is the integration of all functions and processes within an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of goods and services. The goal is customer’s satisfaction. Of all the management issues faced in the last decade, none has had the impact of or caused as much concern as in America products and services. A report The concept of Total Quality Management Total Quality Management is based of ideas. It means thinking about quality in terms of all functions of the enterprise and is a start to finish process that integrates interrelated functions at all levels. It is a systems approach that considers every interaction between the various elements of the organisation. This would means that, the overall effectiveness of the system is higher than the sum of the individual outputs from the subsystems. The subsystems include all the organisational functions in the life cycle of product, such as 1. Design 2. Planning 3. Production 4. Distribution 5. Field service The management subsystem also require integration, including 1. Strategy with a customer’s focus 2. The tools of quality 3. Employee involvement A corollary is that any product, process, or service can be improved, and a successful organisation is one that consciously seeks and exploits opportunities for improvement at all levels. The load bearing structure is customer’s satisfaction. The conference board has summarized the key issues and terminology relates to Total Quality Management: †¢ The cost of quality as the measure of non – quality not meeting customer requirements and a measure of how the quality process is progressing †¢ A cultural change that appreciate the primary need to meet customer requirements, implements a management philosophy that acknowledges this emphasis, encourages employee involvement, and embraces the ethic of continuous improvement. Enabling mechanisms of change, including training and education, communication, recognition, management behaviour, teamwork, and customer satisfaction programs. †¢ Implementing Total Quality Management by defining the mission, identifying the output, indentifying the customers, negotiating customer requirements, developing a â€Å"supplier’s specification† that details customer objective, and determining the act ivities required to fulfil those objectives. Management behaviour that includes acting as role models, use of quality process and tools, encouraging communication, sponsoring feedback activities, and fostering and providing a supporting environment. Continuous improvement Continuous improvement methods can be used to assists Toyota getting better their manufactured goods and services and via using continuous improvement in each week or month not matter what size the development is made but progress has to obtain place a model which be able to used is PDCA which stands for plan, do, act and check. The PDCA is a model of continuous improvement which be capable of being employed to get better Toyota goods and services and assisting them to expand new goods and services or even to get better the merit of their manufactured goods and services via preparation how the organisation will get better their manufactured goods and services and then how the Toyota will carry out to the plans and then using the plans and finally confirming if the tactics working and this stages will continues in anticipation of they contain makes new products or services or even better existing products and services. The cause of the effect looks like selected at the outcome of the subject which contain occur carry out via the Toyota for instance they had issues through the excellence of the manufactured goods and the effect of effect would show all the possible cause which are the issues and then they be able to employs the effecting of outcome within their organisation to perceive what issues the they have. By doing that it will helps them to undertake the issues in anticipation of no source of cause or it is reducing therefore, if there is still a issues then they will not be effecting by the results of it. The why why why analysis know how to assists them via status the issues and then asking them how is the issues has happen and once the why why why analysis recognise the issues afterwards in anticipation of the issues is not resolve the why why why analysis is maintains on creature continually to resolve all the issues which they has and after that once known see if they be able to remove all the problems. The six – sigma improvement model There are five fundamental phases or stages in applying the sic- sigma approach to improving performance in a process: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC). These from an improvement cycle grounded in Deming’s original Plan, Do, Check, Act. In the six- sigma approach, DMAIC provides breakthrough strategy and disciplined method of using rigorous data gathering and statistically based analysis to indentify source of errors and ways of eliminating them. It has become increasingly common in so – called six – sigma organisation, for people to refer to DMAIC projects these revolve around the three major strategies for processes to bring about rapid bottom – line achievements – design /redesign, management and improvement. DMAIC (Define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) this is a good problem solving tool to help improve manufacturing quality and productivity. ? Define This is the start of the of DMAIC technique were the team at hand need to try and look into the problem at hand. What is used to help understand the problem with the project would be a project charter which is information on the product. ? Measure The second phase of DMAIC is to grab as much information from the define process so that the improvement team can try to understand how the process operates but are not interested with the problem at this time. This phase is mainly to do with the understanding of the process. ? Analyze Once understanding the process the team now needs to analyze what is the main cause of the problem being studied. ? Improve Once the team have analyzed the problem they can now see what could be done to improve the problem, this is usually done by brainstorming solutions to help the problem. ? Control The last action to be taken would be taking control of the problem by issuing a plan on what to do and how to sort the problem out. These might include: 1. Review and update the process map 2. Update any affected work instructions 3. Develop training that describes the newly implemented methods 4. Determine new metrics to verify the effectiveness of new process 5. Determine if the process changes can be effectively implemented in other processes http://6sixsigma. com/index. php/DMAIC-Cycle. html The second assessment tool Toyota could adopt is called the Fishbone Analysis also known as the ishikawa diagram. This system is designed to identify and list all the factors that are conditioning the problem at hand. This technique helps understand the scale of a situation. It helps brainstorm information from different perspectives within a team or individually to help solve a problem. It is also known to be a very effective system to help people coming from different backgrounds or professional disciplines to working in a much easier business environment to solve problems. This system has a major advantage because usually teams initiate immediately into fixing a problem without taking the time to plan and understand the problem. This is not a good method because the end result usually ends with only parts of the problem having been resolved. The fishbone analysis has a more carful style into understand the problem with its careful planning brainstorming method. http://www. tda. gov. uk/upload/resources/pdf/f/fishbone_analysis_spring2007. pdf The main problem is written on the right hand side of the paper. On the bottom and top of the stems you type 5-6 key factors of the problems or issues that have to be resolved. http://www. tda. gov. k/upload/resources/pdf/f/fishbone_analysis_spring2007. pdf Now you can use the 5-6 key factors to break down into sub headings of other factors that need to be understood to help the solutions for the main development phase. This is a very good was of working as a team as well, you could have a certain team responsible for one main fish bone. The PDCA cycle is something that came around in the 1950’s and is still being used today on an international level weather it wo uld be in training facilities to business environments. It is a four stage check list that will help you get from problem faced to problem solved. It is a continuous cycle that starts with careful planning, must result in effective action, and must move on again to planning. The way PDCA is used: †¢ Plan to improve your operation you first need to understand what is going on with careful planning. †¢ Do To make the changes and try and solve the problem on a smaller scale. This minimises disruption and while testing weather the changes have taken affect or not. Check This method is to check if the changes are meeting the targets to ensure you know how the output is at all times to identity if any new problems are arising. †¢ Act The last stage is to make the changes that are required on a larger scale if the experiment has proven to be successful. In a business this could be getting other departments or even suppliers involved because maybe they may be affected by the changes. Or these people or departments could have been a dded in the Do stage. http://leadershipchamps. files. wordpress. com/2008/03/pdca. png